UnEZ: A Fully Unsupervised Self-Templating Neural Network for Redshift and Line Strength Estimation

Abstract

As spectroscopic surveys grow, estimating galaxy properties such as metallicity, star formation rate, and redshift becomes computationally cumbersome. Methods of estimating such properties rely on template spectra or curated redshift catalogs, which fail to represent the diversity of objects seen in large-scale surveys. We present UnEZ, a fully unsupervised, physics-informed machine learning model that can predict spectroscopic redshifts and line strengths with no prior redshift or line strength labels. An encoder predicts emission and absorption line amplitudes/widths, and a fixed deterministic decoder constructs a unique template, estimated redshift, redshift confidence curve, and spectral model. UnEZ was tested on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 18 due to its large dataset and thoroughly vetted redshift catalog which serves as an independent benchmark. Despite the lack of templates, line strength labels, or redshift labels, UnEZ's performance competes with modern redshift estimation algorithms. At SNR > 10, UnEZ achieves an outlier fraction of 0.459% and a normalized median absolute deviation (NMAD) of $1.237 \times 10^{-4}$. At SNR > 3, UnEZ achieves an outlier